The solar deity Beaivi withholds her rays in October, notably in northern Norway, the place in 1674, a beggar named Kirsten Iversdatter was sure to the stake. She had been accused of witchcraft, not simply due to her itinerant life-style and rumors of promiscuity, however as a result of pagan beliefs of the Sámi, the persecuted Indigenous minority of which she was a member. Sixty-five years earlier than, King Christian IV of Denmark — a steadfast Lutheran — had decreed that “Sámi witchcraft must be persecuted with out mercy.” Within the dwindling autumnal nightfall, the immolation of Iversdatter would alight that frigid city.
By a congruence of the calendar, it was on the ultimate day of that month practically a century and a half earlier than — Halloween of 1517 — when Martin Luther made the protest that marked the symbolic starting of the Protestant Reformation. Amongst Lutherans and the Reformed church buildings, mainline Protestants and evangelicals, that day marks the separation from the papacy, the supposed return to scripture and religion, the rejection of superstition and idolatry. What’s formally marked in a number of German cantons and by dozens of various Protestant denominations as “Reformation Day” usually serves as a alternative for Halloween, that vacation irrevocably related to Celtic and Teutonic paganism. For these believers who acknowledge October 31 as Reformation Day, Luther’s hammer hitting the wooden door of Wittenberg Cathedral marked not only a break with Rome, however the remaining break with Europe’s pagan previous, a victory of Christendom towards that which is libeled as darkish and demonic, wanton and witchy. In a secular cultural sense, it may be seen as a victory of ethics, rationality, and religion — these qualities which one might argue led on to the event of capitalism, democracy, and scientific pondering — over the area of fantasy, emotion, and magic.
However that victory of Protestantism over paganism was something however complete. Centuries earlier than Luther, Europe’s conversion to Christianity was hardly seamless, occurring in matches and begins, even after Emperor Theodosius I made the religion the official one of many Roman Empire in 380. Lithuania, for instance, was famously belated on this regard, solely turning into formally Christian greater than a millennium later, in 1387. Notably amongst Renaissance humanists, chief amongst them the painter Piero di Cosimo, a reverence for the classical pantheon endured.
In 1921, Margaret Murray, an Egyptologist with no explicit grounding in early trendy historical past, would even go on to argue within the controversial albeit influential research The Witch Cult in Western Europe that the non secular persecution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was truly perpetrated to root out practitioners of a continent-wide, crypto-pagan religion devoted to the worship of a “Horned God” that had secretly endured. Later historians akin to Hugh Trevor-Roper and Keith Thomas would dispute a lot of the proof that Murray had assembled, however a extra charitable interpretation of her work is that it was much less incorrect than overstated. A pagan doesn’t must know that they’re a pagan, one may say — even when their adversary does.
In 1983, as an example, the revered Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg, partly drawing upon the huge and until-that-point restricted archives of the Vatican Library, argued that there was a core of reality relating to Murray’s speculation in The Evening Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults within the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Inspecting the commonalities in beliefs about witchcraft and the Witches’ Sabbath in disparate areas, of those “faint traces of delusion,” Ginzburg concludes that they’re the remnants of older traditions that “will need to have been subtle in an ancient times over a a lot vaster space.”
Reformation Day continues to mark the erasure of a pagan previous that Halloween — which spun out of the Celtic competition of Samhain — embodies. However because the endurance of people or non-Christian beliefs — whether or not the rituals of the Sámi or the jocular grin of the jack-o’-lantern — demonstrates, these important energies of mysticism and magic can fortunately by no means be totally contained, the nice Horned God by no means completely defeated by organized faith.